pancreas;- and bile from the gall bladder in the liver. Pancreatic juice a bile enter the duodenum through ducts.
Intestinal juice contains the following enzymes:
Enterokinase, which is involved in the production of trypsin Aminopeptidases, which help trypsin to digest polypeptides Enzymes that convert maltose and other sugars into glucose Pancreatic juice contains three enzymes:
Trypsin (released as a precursor, trypsinogen), which digests proteins more completely than gastric juice, converting them into amino acids Amylase, which converts starch into maltose (thus taking over the function of salivary juice, the activity of which is stopped in the stomach) Bile by itself has no digestive action, but it aids the action of lipase and Lipase, which breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
carries waste products out of the liver.
The breakdown products of protein and carbohydrate digestion diffuse into small blood capillaries immediately beneath the epithelium of each villus. The products of fat digestion are joined together in the villus epithelium to make larger molecules called triglycerides; these then form tiny globules of fat, which pass into the lacteal (the central vessel inside
The amino acids from proteins are carried around the body in the blood each villus) and are carried away through the lymphatic system. to repair and build up tissues excess amino acids are converted by the liver into a waste product called urea (CO (NH2)2), which is sent to the kidneys to be disposed of. The tiny globules of fat eventually pass from the lymphatic system to the blood, and are carried to the tissues. There they are used as a source of energy, or are stored as fat. The sugar from carbohydrates is stored temporarily in the liver as glycogen, and released into the blood as required to provide tissues with a continuous supply of energy.
Food spends about 3-6 hours in the small intestine before passing into the large intestine.
LARGE INTESTINE Structure
The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and extends from the ileum to the anus (the orifice through which feces are expelled). It is divided into three parts: the caecum (which is attached to a blind-ended tube called the appendix), the colon, and the rectum. The colon is further divided into the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. The diameter of the large intestine gradually diminishes along its length, starting from about 7 cm in the caecum.
The ascending colon is about 20 cm long, and is usually situated in the right of the abdomen. The transverse colon curves across the abdomen from right to left. After a sudden bend (the spleenic flexure) it becomes the descending colon, which descends vertically for about 15 cm and merges into the sigmoid colon.
small intestine:-There are no villi, and virtually no cells that secrete digestive enzymes. However, there are tremendous numbers of goblet cells, which lubricate the passage of feces and protect the intestinal wall. Food passes slowly through the large intestine, taking from 12-18 hours to reach the rectum. During this time, water is reabsorbed into the blood, along with some vitamins and minerals, and the waste residue is gradually compressed into a compact mass. Distension of the rectum usually produces the urge to defecate.
Function
STOMATITIS
Stomatitis is the inflammation of oral mucosa.
TYPES: Stomatitis is classified in to following:
1. SIMPLE CATARRHAL STOMATITIS:
(2)It is common in poorly nourished children during the eruption of 1st teeth. In adults it is common complication of excessive smoking or drinking of alcohol or it’s also common during febrile diseases. It is more prone in seriously ill persons with poor oral hygiene and intake of highly spicy or irritant foods.
The usual causes are diminished salivary flow during mastication and dehydration is also play an important role.
Gums and mouth are dry, painful and mucous membranes are reddish in colour. Tongue is covered with dry brownish fur with swelling and fetid breathing.
2. DEFICIENCY STOMATITIS:
This type of stomatitis is more prone in those persons, which are suffering from deficiency diseases. Deficiency may appear due to Vinsufficient intake of essential food or due to impaired absorption. The common responsible deficiencies are deficiency of B. complex, folic acid and riboflavin particularly cynocobalamin.
Stomatitis is also a characteristic feature of pellagra, sprue and pernicious anaemia. The tongue is raw, red and pain full. In chronic cases tongue is smooth, moist, and clear due to papillary atrophy.
3. BLOOD DYSCRASIC STOMATITIS:
This type of stomatitis is common in case of purpura, agranulocytosis and leukaemia etc.
4. BACTERIAL STOMATITIS:
In bacterial infection the causative organisms are streptococci, coryne bacterium diphtheriae or syphilis.
In this condition wheels appear with ragged necrotic margins on gums, lips, palate, inner sides of the checks, may be with foul breathing.
Vincent’s and spirochetes and fussiform bacilli (which cause Vincent’s
angina) found in these ulcers. 5. FUNGAL STOMATITIS: advanced stage of debilitated diseases as like cancer.
There is ulcerated area covered with white sloughs on gums, palate a common due to infection of cas it usually found checks. These ulcers may enlarge and coalase to form detached
membrane.
6. VIRAL STOMATITIS:
herpes simplex or zoster, small pox and measles etc.
7. ALLERGIC STOMATITIS:
This type of stomatitis usually appears due to local allergic reaction to
certain chemicals like tooth plaster and local use of antibiotics. also be appeared in case of angio-neurotic edema.
8. TOXIC STOMATITIS:
It may
This type of stomatitis appears due to certain toxins like mercury, gold lead and arsenic etc.
9. MISCELLANEOUS TYPES:
Idiopathic stomatitis: Under this heading the aphthous stomatitis intestinal disturbances. The lessons are much more painful. First of all commonest variety. It may appear in children and adults due to gastro- Mesions are small vesicle, these vesicles are changed into ulcer. Which may become shallow or deep and are multiple ulcers?
SPECIFIC REMEDIES:- ACCORDING TO PLANTS:Aconite , Atropa Belladonna , Hydrastis Canadensis , Nux Vomica , Rhus Toxicodendrone and Sarsaparilla.
